Constructing Sentences - Sentence Types

In your writing, sentences can vary in length. Whether they are short or long, all sentences have a subject and a verb.  This guide gives you an overview on basic sentence components, sentence types, connectors, punctuation, and common sentence errors. 

Understanding the basics of how to construct a sentence will help you become a better editor and guide you in constructing clear sentences. Also, it will help you avoid writing run-on sentences and sentence fragments.

Click each tab to learn more about how to construct sentences and try the exercises in each section! If you have a question about any of the exercises, come see an English Language Tutor.

What is a sentence?

• The basic parts of the sentence are the subject and the predicate.
• The predicate is everything the subject is performing and includes at least one verb and sometimes an object/objects.

Check out the example sentences below.

Complete vs. Incomplete Sentences

Let’s take a look at some examples:

1. Jonathan arrived.
2. My younger sister loves to dance.
3. Mail carriers walk a lot.
4. The customer came in.

• Do you think these are complete sentences?
• When you read each line, did you understand what the writer was trying to say?

The answers to both question should be "yes." These are complete sentences.

Let’s take a look at some groups of words that are not complete sentences:

1. Jonathan at school.
2. Loving to dance.
3. Walked by.
4. The satisfied customer.

• Can you identify the subject and verb in each sentence?
• When you read them, did you have any trouble understanding what the writer was trying to say?

It was probably hard for you to fully understand. These sentences do not tell you what Jonathan does, who loves to dance, who walked, and what the customer does.

In other words, they are missing either subjects or verbs and don’t tell the reader a complete thought. Therefore, they are not complete sentences. They are incomplete sentences.

Exercise: Identify the complete (C) and incomplete (I) sentences

_____1. The hummingbird sang.

_____2. Roses will blossom.

_____3. He.

_____4. Anne is carrying her canvas.

_____5. My neighborhood.

_____6. I met the new neighbours.

_____7. Mexico.

_____8. Jacob will come.

_____9. Music concerts.

_____10. Flew aggressively.

_____11. He was jogging.

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What is a simple sentence?

• A simple sentence has a subject and a verb and can stand by itself as a complete thought.
• A simple sentence can also be referred to as an “independent clause.”  
  • (A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. An independent clause is a complete thought.)

Example 1:  The telephone rang.  

• "The telephone" is what the thought is about. This is the subject. 
• "Rang" is what the telephone did. This is the verb.

Example 2: The woman stared intensely.

• "The woman" is what the thought is about. This is the subject.
• "Stared" tells us what the woman did. This is the verb.

Exercise: Create simple sentences using the words from the box. Identify the subjects, verbs, and objects. 

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What is a compound sentence?

 A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. You can combine two independent clauses in three ways:

1. Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction

Coordinating conjunctions join independent clauses. They are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. You can remember them as FANBOYS. Although "for" and "nor" can be used for compound sentences, they are not commonly used in modern English.

Sentences should follow this structure: 

sentence 1  +   , coordinating conjunction   +   sentence 2

Examples:

2. Use a semicolon

Sentences should follow this structure: 

Sentence 1  +  ;  +  Sentence 2

Examples:

3. Use a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb

A conjunctive adverb is a type of transition. You can use them to create a compound sentence. Conjunctive adverbs are always used with a semi-colon in front of them and a comma after them. 

Some words that can be used as conjunctive adverbs:

Sentences should follow this structure: 

Sentence 1 + ; conjunctive adverb, + Sentence 2

Examples:

Note: Conjunctive adverbs are more commonly used when introducing a clause. 

Example: The car had a V-8 engine and a new paint job. However, it had no brakes.

Check out some more resources in the "Other Resources" link at the bottom of this page!

• Also click the link if you would like to learn more about semicolons.
• For more information, see the link : Punctuation for Connecting Words

Exercise: Make compound sentences using each of the 3 ways listed above.

1. I fell asleep. I was sleepy. 
2. It was dinner time. I wasn't hungry. 
3. I might go to graduate school. I might find a job.

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What is a complex sentence?

 A complex sentence has at least one independent clause and one dependent clause.

• An independent clause:
  • is a complete thought 
  • is independent
• A dependent clause (also called a subordinate clause):
  • has a subject and a verb
  • begins with a subordinator (a word that joins an independent and dependent clause)
  • cannot be a sentence by itself
  • depends on an independent clause to make a complete thought

Note: A clause includes a subject and predicate (which includes at least a verb).

Some words (subordinators) that can be used to make subordinate clauses:

Look at the example sentences below.

The dependent clauses are bold and the subordinators are underlined.  

• Because the weather is gorgeous, we will go hiking.
• He finished the last question as the exam ended.
• While he was preparing the dinner that night, the power went off.

How are complex sentences formed?

They can be formed using these two structures:  

• Subordinate clause dependent clause, independent clause.
• Independent clause subordinate clause dependent clause.

Note: As you can see from the two sentences above, a comma is used in the first one but not in the second one.  A comma is not used to separate the clauses if the independent clause comes first.

See the examples below for these two ways of composing complex sentences.

Subordinate clause + Dependent clause, +  Independent clause

Independent clause + Subordinate clause   + Dependent clause

Exercise: ​Join each set of clauses below to form complex sentences in two ways. 

1. I was late. I ran. 
2. I was eating. The phone rang. 
3. She will arrive. She is working late.
4. I finished my exams. I went out to celebrate. 

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What is a compound-complex sentence?

• A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clause(s) and at least one dependent clause.
• Simply put, it is a combination of a compound and complex sentence.
• This sentence type can be a bit confusing to identify since compound-complex sentences are pretty long.  However, this type of sentence gives writers many ways to create sentences.

Here are some examples: (Subordinators are in red, coordinators are in blue, and conjunctive adverbs are in green.)

Exercise: Create compound-complex sentences using the clauses from the first table and 2 connectors from the 2nd table.

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